things named after benedict arnold

He grew resentful of several rival and younger generals who had been promoted ahead of him and given honors which he thought he deserved. An epidemic of yellow fever ravaged Arnold's family in the 1750s, however, claiming three of his . It is impossible to say when 37-year-old Benedict Arnold first met 18-year-old Peggy Shippen, but we do know that on September 25, 1778, he wrote her a love lettermuch of it an exact copy of . In the winter of 1782, he and Peggy moved to London, England. The Portrayal of Benedict Arnold in American History", Shy, John. Interview with Philbrick in Michael Dolan, "Hero And Villain,", Julie Courtwright, "Whom Can We Trust Now? Word of the siege's disastrous outcome led the company to turn around, and Arnold served for only 13 days. [1] Only he and his sister Hannah survived to adulthood; his other siblings died from yellow fever in childhood. For a time, he was a successful businessman, but after yellow fever took the lives of three of the Arnold children, the patriarch was devastated. [22] In a strange twist of fate, "the second most hated British . They bought three trading ships, using the profits from the sale of his homestead, and established a lucrative West Indies trade. Wilson believes that the explanation most consistent with the available documentation is that Sage was either the result of a liaison before Arnold left England or that he was Arnold's grandson by one of his older children. [26], On February 22, 1767, Arnold married Margaret Mansfield, daughter of Samuel Mansfield, the sheriff of New Haven and a fellow member in the local Masonic Lodge. The band played a funeral march. The second was Benedict Arnold. [105] He also wrote in the letter to Washington requesting safe passage for Peggy: "Love to my country actuates my present conduct, however it may appear inconsistent to the world, who very seldom judge right of any man's actions. [84], Arnold next wrote a series of letters to Clinton, even before he might have expected a response to the July 7 letter. Letters were to be passed through the women's circle that Peggy Arnold was a part of, but only Peggy would be aware that some letters contained instructions that were to be passed on to Andr, written in both code and invisible ink, using Stansbury as the courier. Only a few weeks after learning of Arnold's treason, General George Washington enlisted a Continental Army sergeant major named John Champe in a daring mission to capture him from behind. [42] Amid negotiations over that issue, Arnold wrote out a letter of resignation on July 11, the same day that word arrived in Philadelphia that Fort Ticonderoga had fallen to the British. [1] On the morning of September 22, from their position at Teller's Point, two American rebels, John "Jack" Peterson and Moses Sherwood, under the command of Col. James Livingston fired on HMS Vulture, the ship that was intended to carry Andr back to New York. As a teenager, Arnold's family faced financial hardship. Lee Moran. These letters were delivered by Samuel Wallis, another Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British, rather than by Stansbury. Arnold repeatedly claimed that he was being passed over for promotion by the Continental Congress, and that other officers were being given credit for some of his accomplishments. Scholastica, the founder of the Benedictine sisters, was Benedict's sister. [54] Such schemes were not uncommon among American officers, but Arnold's schemes were sometimes frustrated by powerful local politicians such as Joseph Reed, who eventually amassed enough evidence to publicly air charges against him. Benedict Arnold's name has become infamous for his treacherous acts regarding the fort at West Point, which he was in command of, and his very name has even become a synonym for either treason or betrayal. On November 10, 1778, General Nathanael Greene wrote to General John Cadwalader, "I am told General Arnold is become very unpopular among you oweing to his associateing too much with the Tories. Arnold was made a brigadier general in the British army. Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold was born a British subject, the second of six children of his father Benedict Arnold III (16831761) and Hannah Waterman King in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. He marched with 700 men by way of the Maine wilderness, a remarkable feat of woodsmanship and endurance, and, reinforced by Gen. Richard Montgomery, attacked the well-fortified city. [6] In December 1780, he led a force of 1,600 troops into Virginia under orders from Clinton, where he captured Richmond by surprise and then went on a rampage through Virginia, destroying supply houses, foundries, and mills. Clinton was concerned that Washington's army and the French fleet would join in Rhode Island, and he again fixed on West Point as a strategic point to capture. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of major general before defecting to the British side of the conflict in 1780. The house where Arnold lived at 62 Gloucester Place in central London bears a plaque describing him as an "American Patriot". Arnold benefited from his relationship with Mansfield, who became a partner in his business and used his position as sheriff to shield him from creditors. Jul 4, 2020, 05:04 AM EDT | Updated Jul 4, 2020. Washington was one of the few who genuinely liked and admired him, but Arnold thought that Washington had betrayed him. [98], Arnold learned of Andr's capture the morning of September 24 while waiting for Washington, with whom he was going to have breakfast at his headquarters in British Col. Beverley Robinson's former summer house on the east bank of the Hudson. Benedict Arnold was born on Jan. 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. My family have voted conservative in most elections. [29] She is buried in the crypt of the Center Church on New Haven Green. Benedict died of natural causes, maybe a fever. One plaque bears only a rank and a date but no name: "major general born 1740". [34], Arnold then traveled to Montreal where he served as military commander of the city until forced to retreat by an advancing British army that had arrived at Quebec in May. Born in 1867 in Hanley, Staffordshire (part of the famous 'Potteries' and now a district of Stoke-on-Trent), Enoch Arnold Bennett was named after his father, a solicitor. Among others, he shared the name with his father and. He led a small contingent of militia attempting to stop or slow the British return to the coast in the Battle of Ridgefield, and was again wounded in his left leg. Arnold eventually moved to England where he became a merchant. Before his betrayal Benedict Arnold was a legitimate hero and a competent officer. Before anyone spouts off about me being a 'libtard' I am a conservative. His fellow conspirator, Major Andre, was hanged by the Continental army for being a spy. [145], There are plaques on the grounds of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, commemorating all of the generals who served in the Revolution. The British promised 20,000[b] for the capture of West Point, a major American stronghold; Washington greatly admired Arnold and gave him command of that fort in July 1780. [134] Social historian Brian Carso notes that, as the 19th century progressed, the story of Arnold's betrayal was portrayed with near-mythical proportions as a part of the national history. Unable to obtain a regular commission in the British army, he later pursued various business ventures, including land speculation in Canada. 2. [35], During these actions, Arnold made a number of friends and a larger number of enemies within the army power structure and in Congress. [72] Clinton was pursuing a campaign to gain control of the Hudson River Valley, and was interested in plans and information on the defenses of West Point and other defenses on the Hudson River. By the time that he was 14, there was no money for private education. He was enrolled in a private school in nearby Canterbury, Connecticut, when he was 10, with the expectation that he would eventually attend Yale College. [103] He had suffered from gout since 1775,[124] and the condition attacked his unwounded leg to the point where he was unable to go to sea. [113] George Johnstone turned him down for a position in the East India Company and explained: "Although I am satisfied with the purity of your conduct, the generality do not think so. The absent name is Benedict Arnold, a name now synonymous with "traitor." Many Americans understand why his name has been erased from the chapel of the garrison he once commanded. [27] Their son Benedict was born the following year[28] and was followed by brothers Richard in 1769 and Henry in 1772. [24] Arnold initially took no part in any public demonstrations but, like many merchants, continued to do business openly in defiance of the Parliamentary Acts, which legally amounted to smuggling. At the end of 1781 Arnold went to England. [52] Historian John Shy states: Arnold began planning to capitalize financially on the change in power in Philadelphia, even before the Americans reoccupied their city. Upon the outbreak of hostilities at Lexington, Massachusetts (April 1775), Arnold volunteered for service and participated with Ethan Allen in the successful colonial attack on British-held Fort Ticonderoga, New York, the following month. She exerted powerful influence on her husband, who is said to have been his own man but who actually was swayed by his staff and certainly by his wife. [1][7] Arnold was the fourth surviving member of his family named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold I, an early governor of the Colony of Rhode Island; his grandfather (Benedict Arnold II) and father, as well as an older brother who died in infancy, were also named for the colonial governor. A figure climbed down from the larger sloop, into the boat and quietly made his way up the Hudson River. Unlike his accomplishments in the battlefield, Arnold was not a good Governor. A historical marker in Danvers, Massachusetts commemorates Benedict Arnold's 1775 expedition to Quebec Bayley Seton Hospital in the Clifton section of Staten Island was named in part for Richard Bayley, father of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton Clinton refused this suggestion; after a military tribunal, Andr was hanged at Tappan, New York, on October 2. [103] The anti-war Whigs had gained the upper hand in Parliament, and Germain was forced to resign, with the government of Lord North falling not long after. He engaged in a variety of business deals designed to profit from war-related supply movements and benefiting from the protection of his authority. Some historians suggested an Arnold liaison in New Brunswick, but Canadian historian Barry Wilson noted the weakness of this traditional account. British reinforcements arrived in late March led by William Phillips who served under Burgoyne at Saratoga. Despite his popularity and battlefield prowess, Benedict Arnold eventually broke bad. Benjamin Franklin wrote that "Judas sold only one man, Arnold three millions", and Alexander Scammell described his actions as "black as hell". . Arnold was promoted to brigadier general for his role in reaching Quebec, and he maintained an ineffectual siege of the city until he was replaced by Major General David Wooster in April 1776. In 1763, he repaid money that he had borrowed from the Lathrops,[17] repurchased the family homestead that his father had sold when deeply in debt, and re-sold it a year later for a substantial profit. Mo talks with author Nathaniel Philbrick about the now . [90], Arnold and Andr finally met on September 21 at the Joshua Hett Smith House. As the park's Facebook page explains, the hero's name was left off the monument for a reason. In the House of Commons, Edmund Burke expressed the hope that the government would not put Arnold "at the head of a part of a British army" lest "the sentiments of true honour, which every British officer [holds] dearer than life, should be afflicted". [80] Many of these documents had been lost during the retreat from Quebec. 0:00. [107], The pursuing American army included the Marquis de Lafayette, who was under orders from Washington to hang Arnold summarily if he was captured. One thing that we can set aside is any notion that the dish was named after Benedict Arnold, the Revolutionary War general who became the most famous American traitor in history after he defected to the British army and became a general for the other side, leading troops against those he once commanded. [86], Arnold's command at West Point also gave him authority over the entire American-controlled Hudson River, from Albany down to the British lines outside New York City. The America. [58] She married Arnold on April 8, 1779. He claimed that Arnold was guilty of all kinds of treasonous acts and preferred the company of the British loyalists, all without offering any proof. Wallace, Willard M. "Benedict Arnold: Traitorous Patriot." But despite all the financial and political reasons he had for his betrayal, it's possible it was actually about love. "No," he replied, and after a few moments of silence, noticing my surprise, he added, "I am perhaps the only American who cannot give you letters for his own country all the relations I had there are now broken I must never return to the States." [120] The family left Saint John to return to London in December 1791. His father was also called Benedict Arnold and his mother's name was Hannah Waterman King. From there, he was ordered to Vermont where he met with Ethan Allen. Arnold arrived in New Brunswick in December 1785, so Sage's mother could not have been from there. After trying and failing to hand the fort at West Point over to the British, he joined the Royal Army and took . After Arnold was forced to drop out of private school for lack of money, he entered into an apprenticeship with Daniel and Joshua Lathrop, two of his mother's cousins. Arnold's childhood was marred by tragedy; by age 20, he was an orphan struggling to make his way in the world as an apothecary. His father's alcoholism and ill health kept him from training Arnold in the family mercantile business, but his mother's family connections secured an apprenticeship for him with her cousins Daniel and Joshua Lathrop, who operated a successful apothecary and general merchandise trade in Norwich. He was convicted of disorderly conduct and fined the relatively small amount of 50 shillings; publicity of the case and widespread sympathy for his views probably contributed to the light sentence. Jameson reluctantly recalled the lieutenant who had been delivering Andr into Arnold's custody, but he then sent the same lieutenant as a messenger to notify Arnold of Andr's arrest. [55], Arnold lived extravagantly in Philadelphia and was a prominent figure on the social scene. Benedict Arnold High School Gallery Official Name Benedict Arnold High School Location Details Universe Earth-Twelve Country United States of America First Appearance Adventures of Bob Hope #95 ( November, 1965) Contents 1 History 2 Residents 2.1 Students and Alumni 2.2 Faculty 3 Notes 4 See Also History This article is a stub. [132], Early biographers attempted to describe Arnold's entire life in terms of treacherous or morally questionable behavior. [127] His funeral procession boasted "seven mourning coaches and four state carriages";[103] the funeral was without military honors. Arnold was planning to surrender the fort there to British forces, but the plot was discovered in September 1780, whereupon he fled to the British lines. in George Athan Billias, ed., This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 10:05. Only action by Arnold's superior at Ticonderoga prevented his own arrest on countercharges leveled by Hazen. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Peggy Shippen, or Margaret Shippen (July 11, 1760 - August 24, 1804), was the second wife of General Benedict Arnold (following Margaret Mansfield, who died in 1775). Background. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He won a victory at Fort Stanwix (now Rome) in August 1777 and commanded advance battalions at the Battle of Saratoga that autumn, fighting brilliantly until seriously wounded. When in February 1777 Congress created five new major generalships, Arnold was passed over in favour of his juniors. This was the last straw. He dared not tell me his name. "[88] At the same time, he tried to drain West Point's supplies so that a siege would be more likely to succeed. In 1776, he deployed defensive and delay tactics at the Battle of Valcour Island in Lake Champlain that gave American forces time to prepare New York's defenses. During the American War for Independence, several engagements were fought at the five-pointed star-shaped Fort Ticonderoga. -Benedict Arnold, January, 1780. "[115], In 1785, Arnold and his son Richard moved to Saint John, New Brunswick, where they speculated in land and established a business doing trade with the West Indies. A Connecticut militia force arrived at Ticonderoga in June; Arnold had a dispute with its commander over control of the fort, and resigned his Massachusetts commission. [6] With the outbreak of the French Revolution, Arnold outfitted a privateer, while continuing to do business in the West Indies, even though the hostilities increased the risk. [23] The Stamp Act prompted Arnold to join the chorus of voices in opposition, and also led to his joining the Sons of Liberty, a secret organization which advocated resistance to those and other restrictive Parliamentary measures. In May 1775, Arnold's forces eventually clashed with the British at Fort Ticonderoga - nestled along the shores of Lake . [91][92] This action did little damage besides giving the captain, Andrew Sutherland, a splinter in his nosebut the splinter prompted the Vulture to retreat,[93] forcing Andr to return to New York overland. He died, age 60, and was buried in London. Benedict Arnold was born in 1741 to a prominent Connecticut family. [16] He was hardworking and successful, and was able to rapidly expand his business. See the fact file below for more information on . Because of the constant agony of two battlefield wounds in an already gout-ridden leg? He returned a hero, but his rash courage and impatient energy had aroused the enmity of several officers. [9], Arnold's father was a successful businessman, and the family moved in the upper levels of Norwich society. [76] Several members on the panel of judges were ill-disposed toward Arnold over actions and disputes earlier in the war, yet Arnold was cleared of all but two minor charges on January 26, 1780. The combined assault (December 31, 1775) failed, Montgomery was killed, and Arnold was severely wounded. Some theatrical treatments of the 19th century explored his duplicity, seeking to understand rather than demonize it. [116] Delivery of his first ship the Lord Sheffield was accompanied by accusations from the builder that Arnold had cheated him; Arnold claimed that he had merely deducted the contractually agreed amount when the ship was delivered late. [119] The most serious of these was a slander suit which he won against a former business partner; and following this, townspeople burned him in effigy in front of his house, as Peggy and the children watched. Thereafter his name became an epithet for traitor in the United States. "[102], The British gave Arnold a brigadier general's commission with an annual income of several hundred pounds, but they paid him only 6,315 plus an annual pension of 360[b] for his defection because his plot had failed. [99][100] Upon receiving Jameson's message, however, he learned that Jameson had sent Washington the papers which Andr was carrying. In December 1780, Arnold was given command of British forces sent to raid Virginia. The fort was finally captured by the British in 1759. On July 12, he wrote again, making explicit the offer to surrender West Point, although his price rose to 20,000[b] (in addition to indemnification for his losses), with a 1,000[b] down payment to be delivered with the response. One critic said that he was a "mean mercenary, who, having adopted a cause for the sake of plunder, quits it when convicted of that charge". The September 21 meeting with British Major John Andre was a disaster for both men. [13] A commonly accepted story that he deserted from militia service in 1758[14] is based on uncertain documentary evidence.[15]. [67], Early in May 1779, Arnold met with Philadelphia merchant Joseph Stansbury[c] who then "went secretly to New York with a tender of [Arnold's] services to Sir Henry Clinton". He had his leg crudely set, rather than allowing it to be amputated, leaving it 2 inches (5cm) shorter than the right. . One month after taking command, Arnold slipped the plans to British Major John Andr in exchange for 20,000 pounds of sterling, the equivalent of more than $4 million today. [citation needed]. [108], On his return to New York in June, Arnold made a variety of proposals for attacks on economic targets to force the Americans to end the war. [112], In London, Arnold aligned himself with the Tories, advising Germain and King George III to renew the fight against the Americans. Apparently, Arnold also had self-confidence issues and his new wife Peggy wasn't helping the situation. [37] He also had disagreements with John Brown and James Easton, two lower-level officers with political connections that resulted in ongoing suggestions of improprieties on his part. He had requested to resign multiple times after being refused promotions and, from December 1779 to January 1780, was court-martialed because of multiple charges of misconduct. During this time, Arnold brought his sister Hannah to New Haven and established her in his apothecary to manage the business in his absence. Working as a spy, Armistead gained the trust of General Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold,. He then directed the construction of a fleet to defend Lake Champlain, which was overmatched and defeated in the October 1776 Battle of Valcour Island. It described a boy who stole eggs from birds' nests, pulled wings off insects, and engaged in other sorts of wanton cruelty, who then grew up to become a traitor to his country. His father was a successful businessman and young Benedict had a comfortable childhood. [66] Biographer Nathaniel Philbrick argues: Peggy Shippen did have a significant role in the plot. But You Probably Don't Know His Whole Story Illustration showing Major General Benedict Arnold (1741 - 1801) rallying the American troops. Once the former Revolutionary War hero . 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