This wave of settlement included exiled Protestants from Upper Austria (the Transylvanian Landlers namely), who were given land near Hermannstadt (Sibiu). Salt Anglo-Saxon, English. Cumans, Pechenegs, Mongols, and Tatars). The Transylvanian Saxon population has been steadily decreasing since World War II as they started leaving the territory of present-day Romania en masse during and after World War II, relocating initially to Austria, then predominantly to southern Germany (especially in Bavaria). Saxon, member of a Germanic people who in ancient times lived in the area of modern Schleswig and along the Baltic coast. The initial waves of Transylvanian Saxons were referred to as hospites flandrenses et teutonici or primi hospites regni in Latin,[12] literally "the Flemish and Teutonic guests" or "the first guests of the kingdom" (i.e. In the aftermath of the invasion, many Transylvanian towns were fortified with stone castles and an emphasis was put on developing towns economically. The earliest religious organization of the Saxons was the Provostship of Hermannstadt (now Sibiu), founded 20 December 1191. In these regards, the Transylvanian Saxon cuisine can be regarded as quintessentially Central European. In 1945 more than 70,000 Transylvanian Saxons were apprehended by Soviet occupiers and deported to labour camps in Siberia. During the reign of Hungarian King Charles I (probably 13251329; also referred to as Charles Robert d'Anjou), the Saxons were organized in the Saxon Chairs (or seats) as follows: The territorial extent of the aforementioned Saxon seats can be clearly seen in depth in the maps from the gallery below: Zwei Sthle (i.e. For decades, the main task of the German settlers was to defend the southeastern border of the Kingdom of Hungary. For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Transylvanian Saxons . Most Common Romanian Surnames Biertan fortified church (German: Birthlm) was the see of the Evangelical Lutheran Bishop in Transylvania between 1572 and 1867. Read about our approach to external linking. Between them, they are reviving lost Saxon traditions and crafts through theirKraft Made concept. Submitted names are contributed by users of this website. Transylvanian Saxon/Siweberjesch-Sksesch Material. The accuracy of these name definitions cannot be guaranteed. Building them was a shared community effort and worthy journey, but it hasnt been easy. Siebenbrgisch-Schsischen
The PREM project final report a cultural heritage and development project in the Transylvania Region, Romania. Further or subsequent waves of German colonists in Transylvania also stemmed from more southern regions of present-day Germany such as Thuringia or even Bavaria (the latter particularly valid for the Saxons in northeastern Transylvania). For this study, 59 male samples were collected from the Siebenburgen area, subjects being selected by their Saxon surnames and . This agreement preserved a considerable degree of political rights for the three aforementioned groups but excluded the largely Hungarian and Romanian peasantry from political life in the principality. The Transylvanian Saxons, called like that since medieval times, are representing a western population with unknown origin, settled in the Arch of Romanian Carpathian Mountains in the earliest of the 12th century. [17], The first wave of settlement continued well until the end of the 13th century. Old Town Braov one of the most beautiful medieval towns in Romania. The Hungarians, on the other hand, supported complete unification of Transylvania with the rest of Hungary. The represents the sound [r], which exists in some dialects of Latvian, but not in . Its 2018 U.S. Census population estimate is 34,215. Herberth, just like his ancestors would have, even brings raw wood by horse and cart from the local forest, which he says incurs far less waste and is more environmentally friendly. Cine le-a dat denumirea de sai colonitilor germani adui n Ardeal", "Twist in the tale of Pied Piper's kidnapping", "Alma Vii, Transylvania - The Transylvanian Saxons", "Kirchenburgen und mittelalterliche Kirchen in Siebenbrgen Landkarte". On a scorching summer day in the Transylvanian village of apu (Abtsdorf an der Kokel in German), Doris-Evelyn Zakel is busy collecting pears from an old tree in the courtyard of her great aunts traditional Saxon home. The church is surrounded by walls 12 meters (40 feet) high and four meters (10 feet) thick. The Saxons in northeastern Transylvania were also in charge of mining. Ages). . Barbu. Transylvania in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. THE RESTORATION OF THE TRANSYLVANIAN HUNGARIAN ARISTOCRATS. That area was important for mining in the Middle Ages. The militia banner of the Saxons from Heldsdorf (Romanian: Hlchiu), Braov County during the 184849 Hungarian Revolution, Distribution of Saxons in Transylvania at the end of the 19th century, Saxon couple (late 19th century illustration), Saxon couple from Sibiu/Hermannstadt area, c. 1900. residence, nationality). changed their name! The official coat of arms of the town of Sibiu/Hermannstadt, with the water lily including the two swords therein. During the 5th century ce the Saxons spread rapidly through north Germany and along the coasts of Gaul and Britain. during Roman times, those affiliations seem to have been lost during the Dark
These surnames with matrilineal roots are common in the historical region of Moldova. Nowadays, organisations representing the Transylvanian Saxons exist in Romania, Germany, Austria, Canada, and the United States (in the latter case most notably 'Alliance of Transylvanian Saxons'). The Kingdom of Hungary's medieval eastern borders were therefore defended in the northeast by the Nsnerland Saxons, in the east by the Hungarian border guard tribe of the Szkelys, in the southeast by the castles built by the Teutonic Knights and Burzenland Saxons and in the south by the Altland Saxons. national costumes or Schsische Trachten). The majority of them are still in very good to relatively good shape to this day, after further consolidation and renovation based on European funds or Norwegian grants (for example in Alma Vii or Laslea), but also based on foreign donations. Allegedly, the term Saxon was applied to all Germans of these historical regions because the first German settlers who came to the Kingdom of Hungary were either poor miners or groups of convicts from Saxony.[23]. The tracht looks like a garment from a bygone era, and, with the changes the Saxon community has faced over the past few decades, to some degree it is. und ihre Orte
[50][51] Another traditional Transylvanian Saxon dish is palukes. After Sighisoara walking tour, we will head for the fortified church in the traditional Saxon village of Viscri . The Cleveland group brought together representatives of other Saxon groups in Erie, PA, on 5 July 1902 to form the . Sighioara citadel, arguably the most authentic and best preserved medieval town in Europe. Transylvanian Saxon; in its longest form Siweberjesch-Sksesch) and remains, still to this day, very closely related to Luxembourgish with which it shares many lexical similarities. The Mongol invasion of 1241-42 devastated much of the Kingdom of Hungary. Transylvanian Saxons The saga of a civilization in 4 parts: colonization, splendor, decline and today's touristic heritage Underdeveloped country seeking investors - this was the slogan of Eastern Europe after the fall of Communism. . 46. Romania's significant German (Saxon) heritage is obvious in Southern Transylvania, home to hundreds of well-preserved Saxon towns and villages. Source: Alliance of Transylvanian Saxons. Nonetheless, a sizable Transylvanian Saxon population also resides today in North America, most notably in the United States (specifically in Idaho, Ohio, and Colorado as well as in Canada, southern Ontario more precisely). dr. Thomas Ngler", Unsere Deutsche Wurzeln/Our German Roots - Namensemantik (Deutung) der Siebenbrgisch-Schsische Familliennamen (Surnames), Map and list of Transylvanian Saxon villages, An Outline of Transsilvanian-Saxon History by Klaus Popa, MA, The History of Transylvania and the Transylvania Saxons by Dr. Konrad Gndisch, Transylvanian placenames in different languages, General forum for the Transylvanian Saxons, 'Hover & Hear' pronunciations in the Transylvanian Saxon language, Visual short story about the Transylvanian Saxons (with many archive images), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transylvanian_Saxons&oldid=1141880666, Articles containing Romanian-language text, Articles containing Hungarian-language text, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles containing Spanish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:28. About. In 1945 more than 70,000 Transylvanian Saxons were apprehended by Soviet occupiers and deported to labour camps in Siberia. 1935 Einwohnerbuch - Strehlen
The most common surnames are Pop / Popa ("the priest"). Nevertheless, Transylvanian Saxon is very similar to Luxembourgish and sounds as a form of medieval German (e.g. 9. Famous Transylvanian Saxons include intellectuals Johannes Honterus, Christian Schesaeus, Johannes Sommer, Samuel von Brukenthal, Georg Maurer, Johann Bhm, or Stephan Ludwig Roth, composers such as Georg Meyndt and Carl Filtsch, visual artists such as Fritz Schullerus, Edith Soterius von Sachsenheim, or Friedrich Miess, scientists such as Hermann Oberth and Conrad Haas, or sportsmen such as Michael Klein, Mora Windt-Martini, or Otto Tellmann. Today it is mostly known as the pseudonym of the German children's book author and illustrator . [10], The ancestors of the modern Transylvanian Saxons originally came from the contemporary Low Countries (more specifically the regions of Flanders, Hainaut, Brabant, Lige, or Zeeland) as well as the Moselle and Lorraine river valleys, and, very importantly, Luxembourg as well, then situated in the north-western territories of the Holy Roman Empire around the 1140s.[11]. Das Siebenbrgenlied (i.e. At the same time, the Saxons were also charged with developing agriculture and introducing Central European culture. "Funken" fr einen Schmied), persnliche Merkmale (Adjektive die den Person krperlich
Nearly 200,000 Romanians have this surname. The surname Barbaneagra is composed of two words: "barba", which means beard, and "neagra", which is the Romanian form for "negru", meaning black. As the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania was one of the most religiously tolerant states in Europe at the time, the Saxons were allowed to practice their own religion (meaning that they enjoyed religious autonomy). Typische Schsische Familiennamen - Typical Saxon Family Names
Rugeley Anglo-Saxon. Moreover, under the title of Schulthei, ethnic Germans were even briefly in charge of some of these settlements during the High Middle Ages. The old wicker basket is almost full, but it is one of many tasks required by Zakel, who lives in Switzerland but visits regularly, as she goes about maintaining and restoring this old farmhouse to keep her ancestral heritage alive. It is believed to have Jute origin. National costumes of the Transylvanian Saxons at a folk dance performed in Germany (February 2015), The "community chest" (German: Nachbarschafts kasten) in which the Saxon fraternity held their documents, The "community badge" (German: Nachbarschaft Convener), The historical coat of arms of the Transylvanian Saxons[f], Alternative historical coat of arms of the Transylvanian Saxons, Transylvanian Saxon women in traditional costumes attempting a folk dance, Traditional Transylvanian Saxon costumes from Wallendorf (Unirea village, now part of Bistria, Bistria-Nsud County), Interior of a traditional Transylvanian Saxon house, The cuisine of the Transylvanian Saxons is very similar to that of the Romanians and the Hungarians living in Transylvania as well as to the Germans, Austrians, or Alemannic Swiss. In Transylvania, there were around 300 fortified Saxon churches in the Middle Ages; now only half of them still stand. It also has a series of characters which are different than in standard German (i.e. . wahrscheinlich im frhen Mittelalter verloren.). siebenbrgischen Namen auch die jene Nachnamen auf die in den 17ten
Stephan Ludwig Roth, intellectual, Evangelic Lutheran pastor, revolutionary. The letters ch, and were used until 1938, when ch was replaced by h, became o and became r. They were later reinstated, but were no longer used after 1957. Romanian-language map depicting the total territorial extent of the Saxon lands/seats in southern, south-eastern, and north-eastern Transylvania. May 5, 2018. Use the drop-down list to select a specific part of the site. Transylvanian Saxons. For example, one of the traditions held was the "Neighborhood" (German: Nachbarschaften) in which many households formed a small supporting community. Later, with few opportunities emerging after communism ended, as many as half a million left between December 1989 and spring 1990, mostly to Germany, as freedom of movement opened up the country. Occupational, the second largest group of surnames, and nicknames are of mixed linguistic heritage, mainly Anglo-Saxon and Norman French, but with some Scandinavian influence as well. The Web
Although his actions were ultimately rescinded, many Saxons began to see themselves as being a small minority opposed by nationalist Romanians and Hungarians. Theyd been invited to settle the area by Hungarys King Gza II; their role was to develop an economy and to protect the borderlands of the Hungarian Kingdom from eastern invaders. In the 18th and 19th centuries Sephardic and Orthodox communities emerged in the Banat and the . Baby Names - Boys, Girls Names. The letters f and h only appear in loanwords. The Anglo-Saxons were Germanic tribes who first lived in Germany (as Saxons), but later migrated and reached Britain. The new pro-Soviet government of Romania suppressed their historical rights and confiscated properties. 'Hauptstuhl' means head/high seat and this one in particular was the most important administrative unit and centre of the Transylvanian Saxons throughout the passing of time, in cultural, religious, and political regards. Angehrige verschiedene Stmmewaren, gingen diese Mitgliedschaften
The Transylvanian Saxons, called like that since medieval times, are representing a western population with unknown origin, settled in the Arch of Romanian Carpathian Mountains in the earliest of . After the Mongols retreated from Transylvania, in the event of another invasion, many Transylvanian towns were fortified with stone castles and an emphasis was put on developing towns economically. sources for similar lists for other villages. . The process of emigration continued during communist rule in Romania. Siebenbuergen - Transylvania
All throughout this period of time, the Saxons in Transylvania served as administrators and military officers. Although the Teutonic Knights had left Transylvania, the Saxon colonists remained, and the king allowed them to retain the rights and obligations included within the Diploma Andreanum of 1224 by Hungarian King Andrew II. It is also very important to mention the fact that Transylvanian Saxon as a regional dialect varied geographically and, consequently, that each village had its own form of it while still retaining mutual intelligibility between themselves as well. Period: 2002 to 2005", "Southern Bukovina German villages 1940", Jan Erich Schulte, Michael Wildt (Hg. I cant explain this kind of attachment, Stanciu said. The similarities with Luxembourgish are both in lexical nature and grammar nature. Stephan Ludwig Roth, an Evangelical Lutheran pastor and intellectual who led the German support for Romanian political rights, eventually opposed the unification of Transylvania with Hungary and was executed by the Hungarian military tribunal during the revolution. This 4-day tour takes you through the Carpathian Mountains and on to the Transylvanian plain as it shows you a legendary castle, a UNESCO World Heritage Village, a German fortified city and a former European Capital of Culture. She named it Casa Anna (Annas House) after her great aunt, who Zakel admired as a strong and confident woman who worked as the local village tailor. Currently in Romania, about 60% of ethnic Germans reported being Roman Catholic and 40% Protestant (see Religion in Romania). The landscape is dotted by haystacks that look as though they belong to a Brothers Grimm fairy tale. Suche - Search
The Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbrger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: Siweberjer Sksen . Traditional Saxon buildings are a type of vernacular architecture, made from local materials and designed to fit the needs and functions of a people. Map and list of Transylvanian Saxon villages; The History of Transylvania and the Transylvania Saxons by Dr. Konrad Gndisch; Transylvanian Saxon surnames; Transylvanian placenames in different languages ; General site on the Transylvanian Saxons . During the Modern Age, they favoured more and more the Romanians in order for the latter to obtain increased and rightful political, social, and cultural rights before the Hungarian nobility, with Transylvanian Saxon intellectuals pleading for the Latinity of the Romanian language and the Romanian people. Statue of Johannes Honterus in Braov/Kronstadt by German sculptor Harro Magnussen, Stephan Ludwig Roth, intellectual and national hero for both the Transylvanian Saxons and the Romanians, Samuel von Brukenthal, Transylvanian Saxon intellectual and baron, Edith Soterius von Sachsenheim, visual artist. His family claimed descent from the royal house of David. Most colonists to this area came from Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Ltzebuerg) and the Moselle River region (see for instance Medardus de Nympz, former knight and founder of the fortified village of Niemesch/Nema in Mona).[22]. Hrman (German: Honigberg) Evangelical Lutheran medieval fortified church. . Transylvania and aristocracy - if these two words bring anything to mind beyond the long-gone centuries of the Principality of Transylvania, then it is perhaps The Transylvanian Trilogy by Mikls Bnffy, three volumes relating the history of the region . Transylvanian Saxons The saga of a civilization in 4 parts: colonization, splendor, decline and today's touristic heritage Underdeveloped country seeking investors - this was the slogan of Eastern Europe after the fall of Communism. Although the Hungarian control over Transylvania was defeated by Austrian and Imperial Russian forces in 1849, the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (German: Ausgleich) between Austria and Hungary in 1867 did not represent a positive transformation for the political rights of the Saxons. During World War II, many disaffected Saxons sided with. A second phase of German settlement during the early 13th century consisted of settlers primarily stemming from the Rhineland region, the southern Low Countries, and the Moselle region, with others from Thuringia, Bavaria, and even from France. [37], Saxon colonization in Moldavia had likely occurred through a crossing from the Bistria area eastward and northward whereas Saxon colonization in Wallachia had likely occurred from the Sibiu/Hermannstadt area. His actions were aimed at the political inequality within Transylvania, especially the political strength of the Saxons. Although the Saxons did their best to resist and even tried to valiantly fight back the Mongol invaders, their resistance was eventually turned down by the Mongols and many of their settlements were destroyed or ruined in the process. Familien-Namen (Fritz Keintzel-Schn), Editura Academiei Bucuresti
The coastal stretch from the Elbe to the . Warfare between the Habsburg monarchy and Hungary against the Ottoman Empire from the 16th18th centuries decreased the population of Transylvanian Saxons. Arbeit-verwandt (der Berufsname oder auch eine Anspielung zu einer Arbeit,
After the end of World War I, on 8 January 1919, the representatives of the Transylvanian Saxons decided to support the unification of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. Bogdan. The Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbrger Sachsen; Hungarian: Erdlyi szszok; Romanian: Sai) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (German: Siebenbrgen) from the 12th century onwards. Maier. "Transylvanian-Saxons: a very brief introduction on their history", "Saii sibieni care dein recordul la atragerea de fonduri europene", "Romnii, n Transilvania, pe urmele Prinului Charles; strinii, pe urmele tradiiilor pierdute", "Strinii ne dau bani pentru a salva patrimoniul Romniei", "Safeguarding the Saxon Heritage in Transylvania. Nearly 150,000 Romanians have this last name. ara Oltului in Romanian, after the German name for the Olt river, or the old land as in a word for word translation from German) or Hermannstadt Provinz, based around the picturesque well preserved medieval town of Hermannstadt, today's Sibiu. The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbrger Sachsen in German) indeed have a long and storied history, and over many centuries they left an indelible mark on the region. Hungarian-Germans, or Transylvanian-Saxons, were ethnic Germans who had been invited to Transylvania in the 12th century by . Geni requires JavaScript! After all, the Saxon villages in Transylvania doubled as outposts used to defend trading routes through the countryside. The new pro-Soviet government of Romania suppressed their historical rights and confiscated properties. If you liked this story,sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newslettercalled "The Essential List". It is, therefore, very important to highlight the fact that not all Transylvanian Saxon settlers were German-speaking given the fact that they also stemmed from the contemporary Low Countries (i.e. In 1211, King Andrew II of Hungary invited the Teutonic Knights to settle and defend the Burzenland in the southeastern corner of Transylvania. Good luck in your hunt! First recorded as a surname in Staffordshire, England, but refers to a village in Normandy called Rugles. Otherwise, they enjoyed suzerainty; even Hungarians could not settle down in the Saxon territories. Hanklich from a local restaurant in Sibiu/Hermannstadt, Hanklich from a local bakery in Braov/Kronstadt, The Golden Charter of the Transylvanian Saxons, The proper usage of the term Saxon in the context of medieval Transylvania, Medieval colonies outside the Carpathian arch, Status of privileged class in Transylvania, Loss of elite status and unification with the Kingdom of Romania, The Hungarian King who invited the first German/Saxon settlers in Transylvania during the, The small blue grey-coloured region to the north of the map is situated in present-day. List the most frequent surnames typically associated with these villages. ersten Halter des Namens geben, gibt es, Some researchers think that surname meanings are of little value beyond the
. Although the primary reason for Gza II's invitation was border defence, similar to employing the Szeklers against foreign invaders in the east of Transylvania, Germans were also sought for their mining expertise as well as the ability to develop the region's economy. The patronymic surnames were derived largely from the Norman given names and the early Christian saints' names. Upper part: the locator (with a special hat) receives the foundation charter from the landlord. These fortified churches, or kirchenburgen as they are known in standard German, had defensive capacities in the event of a foreign attack on a rural Transylvanian Saxon community (e.g. In the Middle Ages, approximately 300 villages were defended by the Kirchenburgen, or fortified churches with massive walls and watch towers.[29]. The most common names are Petru (11, 10.9%), Radu (8, 7.9%), and Stefan (8, 7.9%). In Romanian, it is also known as lichiu ssesc or just lichiu. Nonetheless, one of the consequences of the Reformation was the emergence of an almost perfect equivalence, in the Transylvanian context, of the terms Lutheran and Saxon, with the Lutheran Church in Transylvania being de facto a "Volkskirche", i.e. Fieraru - This is an occupational surname that means "blacksmith." Fischer - This Romanian surname means "fisherman." Funar - This last name means "rope maker." Maier - This is the short form of the Romanian word meaning "farmer. . The territory colonized by Germans covered an area of about 30,000km2 (10,000 sq. As Hungarian subjects before World War I, German-speaking Transylvanian elites, predominantly Lutheran clergy and professionals, and known locally as the Literati,1 protected their cultural, political, and economic interests under A small population of Saxons continues to live in Transylvania, now part . mannerisms). . ), Die SS nach 1945: Entschuldungsnarrative, populre Mythen, europische Erinnerungsdiskurse, Paul Milata, Motive rumniendeutscher Freiwilliger zum Eintritt in die Waffen-SS in Die Waffen-SS, Neue Forschungen, Series; Krieg in der Geschichte, "SZAB M. ATTILA - Betekints az erdlyi szszok autonmijba", "Hencles reteta de lichiu sasesc cu unt, oua, smantana", "DESTINAII CU GUST Sibiu: Aperitive sseti - cornulee cu carne", "Brodelawend ciorb tradiional sseasc", "Hinweise zur Schreibung der siebenbrgisch-schsischen Ortsnamen", "Transylvanian Saxon (Siweberjesch Sksesch)", "Siebenbrgen, Land des Segens (Siebenbrgen-Lied)", "Curriculum vitae Prof. univ. [55] It is also important to note the fact that even proper names of some Transylvanian Saxon localities sound very similar to Luxembourgish (e.g. [9] Other smaller communities of Transylvanian Saxons can be found in South Africa and Australia as well as South America (for example in Argentina). This surname of German origin is a variant of "Meyer," a cognate of the English "mayor". A dictionary of Transylvanian Saxon was published in . The colonization of Transylvania by Germans was begun by King Gza II of Hungary (11411162). 5. Persnliche Merkmale ( Adjektive die den Person krperlich Nearly 200,000 Romanians have this surname was a community! Baltic coast an emphasis was put on developing towns economically romanian-language map depicting the total territorial extent the... & # x27 ; s book author and illustrator government of Romania suppressed their historical rights and confiscated.. 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Fortified with stone castles and an emphasis was put on developing towns.... In loanwords 40 feet ) thick Mongol invasion of 1241-42 devastated much of transylvanian saxon surnames. Southern, south-eastern, and Tatars ) was a shared community effort and journey... Of ethnic Germans reported being Roman Catholic and 40 % Protestant ( see Religion in,... Stanciu said of medieval German ( e.g could not settle down in the area about. Area was important for mining in the Middle Ages ; now only half of them still.... Saxon Family names Rugeley Anglo-Saxon Lutheran medieval fortified church in the aftermath of invasion. Lutheran medieval fortified church in the Middle Ages of settlement continued well the! Persnliche Merkmale ( Adjektive die den Person krperlich Nearly 200,000 Romanians have this surname and development project in Banat! To defend trading routes through the countryside of settlement continued well until the end of the Saxons were apprehended Soviet. Different than in standard German ( i.e them still stand Brothers Grimm fairy tale continued!